What is Electrotherapy?

Electrotherapy is the electrical stimulation of the nervous system to block pain signals to the brain and to stimulate muscle and soft tissue to enhance healing. The therapy utilizes an electrical stimulator to deliver a specified electrical charge to a targeted area of the body, via electrodes placed on the skin. Electrotherapy has been used for decades in clinics and hospitals to manage pain, increase circulation, relax muscle spasms, increase range of motion, prevent deterioration of muscle, and reduce inflammation. Due to scientific advances in microprocessor technology, portable stimulators have been available for several years, and these small powerful units deliver the same benefits as the large, clinical models.

When used for pain management, electrical stimulators can deliver a current that reaches the tissues of the nerves and muscles, and actually "block, or turn off", the pain signals that are being sent to the brain.  Studies are currently being conducted on the theory that electrical stimulation can actually redirect pain signals that have become "stuck" into a normal pattern, which would mean that if there is no pain stimulus, pain signals would not be sent to the brain.

How do electrical stimulators work ?

Electrical stimulators work on two theories:

The Gate Control Theory suggests that electrical stimulation of the nerve fibers close a segment of the spinal cord, which blocks the pain signals from reaching the brain.  It has been proven that pain signals travel along the spinal cord to the brain, and that interventions such as drugs and nerve blocks interrupt those signals.  Electrical stimulation works in the same manner.

The Endorphin Release Theory suggests that electrical stimulation reduces inflammation and swelling, and relaxes muscle fibers by releasing endorphins, which act like natural analgesics.  This chemical interacts with receptors along the nerve pathway and blocks the perception of pain.

How does electrical stimulation benefit circulation?

Excessive fluid buildup, known as edema, is detrimental to any healing process.  Not only does it cause swelling around the injured area, but it also prevents removal of waste products and hinders circulation.  Electrotherapy utilizes interferential, neuromuscular and transcutaneous electrical stimulators to deliver alternating currents to move excess fluid from injured areas.  This increase in circulation relieves pain and speeds up the healing process.

How does electrical stimulation feel?

Electrical stimulation is delivered via 2 or 4 electrodes, which are placed on the skin.  Depending on the treatment protocol and the device used, the sensation will vary from a mild tingling to a pulsing or throbbing sensation.  The stimulation should never be uncomfortable, as the patient controls the level of stimulation, and it is generally reported to be a pleasant, massage-like feeling.  Most patients describe their treatments as very relaxing.